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Nobel Worthy: Best Graphene Close-Ups
Sorry diamond lovers, but graphene is the most awesome form of carbon out there. Evidence: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, the two scientists who isolated one-atom-thick sheets of the stuff in 2004, won the Nobel Prize this morning -- netting themselves a pot of 10 million Swedish kroner (about $1.49 million).
Despite its razor-thin makeup, graphene is one of the strongest, lightest and most conductive materials known to humankind. It’s also 97.3 percent transparent, but looks really cool under powerful microscopes. We’ve corralled some of the best shots here, with a bonus video of graphene being punished by an electron beam.
Mmmm... Graphene Cake
Theoretical physicist Philip Russell Wallace predicted graphene’s existence in 1947, but it wasn’t until the 1960s that scientists began looking for it in earnest. Forty years later, researchers practically wrote off isolating single-layer graphene. If the hexagonal layers didn’t roll up into buckeyballs or nanotubes, so the thinking went, they’d disintegrate entirely.
Geim and Novoselov persisted, however, and figured out how to isolate it using objects common to any office: Scotch tape and graphite, which is found in pencil leads.
At the top-right of this image is a 10-micron-wide, 30-layer-thick slice of graphene sheets.
Image: Science
See Also:
- Graphene Defects Could Lead to Smaller Electronics
- Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded: Fair or Foul?
- Graphene memory makes Flash looks huge and ungainly
Intelligent Individuals Don’t Make Groups Smarter
An early effort at defining general intelligence in groups suggests that individual brainpower contributes little to collective smarts.
Instead, it’s social awareness — the ability to pick up on emotional cues in others — that seems to determine how smart a group can be.
“We lack a shared criterion in predicting which groups will perform well and which won’t,†said psychologist Anita Woolley of Carnegie Mellon University. “There’s an underlying factor that seems to drive how individuals perform in multiple domains. I wondered if that was true of groups as well.â€
In individuals, general intelligence is a measure of each person’s tendency to perform similarly on different types of cognitive tests, suggesting an underlying — general — intellectual competence. Exactly what produces those smarts, and how they correlate with biological and environmental factors, is controversial. But even if the causes are unclear, the evidence of individual general intelligence remains.
To determine whether something similar also operated in collective minds, Woolley’s team divided 600 test subjects into groups of two to five people, then had each group complete a variety of problem-solving tasks. Afterward the researchers interviewed the groups and each participant. They measured group cohesion and motivation, individual intelligence and personality, and other factors previously associated with group performance.
Their analysis, published Sept. 30 in Science, found several characteristics linked to group performance — and none involved individual intelligence. What mattered instead was the social sensitivity of individual members, the proportion of women (who tend to be more sensitive) in each group, and a balanced participation of conversation.
Gender and social sensitivity are linked, said Woolley, making emotional intelligence and conversation balance the most important factors in group performance. Not only was individual intelligence irrelevant, but group cohesion mattered little. Neither did motivation or happiness — a finding that most workers would find disconcerting.
“Some of our intuitions about how satisfaction and cohesion correlate with performance are a little misguided,†Woolley said. “But it’s not as if happiness and cohesion are bad.
In future research, Woolley plans to study how group intelligence is affected by size, and how the benefits of increased collaboration can reach a point of diminishing returns. She also wants to know how group intelligence changes when collaboration occurs online.
“The way we’re moving now, where everyone is interconnected, it calls into question the whole notion of what intelligence is, whether it’s so relevant what an individual can do by themselves†said Woolley. “It’s good to move the conversation in that direction.â€
Image: Michael Cardus/Flickr.
See Also:
- Do-Gooders Are Unpopular Team Members
- Seeing Red: Tweak Your Brain With Colors
- Clive Thompson on How Group Think Rules What We Like
- Op-Ed: Why the Elevator Floor Is So Interesting
Citation: “Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups.†By Anita Williams Woolley, Christopher F. Chabris, Alexander Pentland, Nada Hashmi, Thomas W. Malone. Science, Vol. 329 No. 6000, October 1, 2010.
Brandon Keim’s Twitter stream and reportorial outtakes; Wired Science on Twitter. Brandon is currently working on an ecological tipping point project.
Survey: Atheists, Agnostics Know More About Religion Than Religious
A new survey shows that Atheists and Agnostics are more knowledgeable about religion than most practitioners. Close behind in the survey were Jews and Mormons.
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Awesome jQuery Plugins And Techniques To Create Visually Excellent Websites
Are you looking for some cool and handy jQuery Plugins, you landed at right place. Below we are presenting 45 most useful and handy plugins that you can use in your next project and make it stand out.
jQuery is the most well-known and open source JavaScript library which is being used all around the world because it simplifies the client-side scripting of HTML. You can also create marvelous effects by using these plugins. Enjoy!
You are welcome if you want to share more jQuery Plugins And Techniques that our readers/viewers may like. Do you want to be the first one to know the latest happenings at SmashingApps.com just subscribe to our rss feed and you can follow us on twitter as well.
gMap – Google Maps Plugin For jQuery
Contextual Slideout Tips With jQuery & CSS3
Animate Panning Slideshow with jQuery
Auto-Playing Featured Content Slider
Automatic Image Slider w/ CSS & jQuery
Create a Slick and Accessible Slideshow Using jQuery
Fancy Thumbnail Hover Effect w/ jQuery
Micro Image Gallery: A jQuery Plugin
Image Highlighting and Preview with jQuery
Textarea Words, Characters counter and maxlength plugin
jqPlot Charts and Graphs for jQuery
FullCalendar – Full-sized Calendar jQuery Plugin
jQuery Slider plugin (Safari style)
jTextTranslate: A jQuery Translation Plugin
xBreadcrumbs (Extended Breadcrumbs) jQuery Plugin
FireQuery – Firebug extension for jQuery development
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